Fatty Acid Definition and Chemical Structure

In chemistry, there are a lot of terms that differentiate various compounds. You may come across the term fatty acid or monocarboxylic acid at some point in your science career. The definition of a fatty acid is an important term to know, as well as its aliases. Fatty Acid Definition: A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long side chain of hydrocarbons. Most fatty acids contain an even number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain and follow the general molecular formula of CH3(CH2)xCOOH where x is the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. Also Known As: monocarboxylic acids

Home-Based Activities for Children Supporting Equality...

Task 5.2 Home-based activities supporting equality and inclusion Among the activities that can be done with children at home, it is helping out with simple household chores that prove to be very useful as it develops not only cognitive learning in children, but it also inculcates important values that adults would want to impart to the children. A simple activity for a child in the house would be to help him/her identify and recognize household items. The adult can help promote learning by labeling everyday things that the adult and/or child usually use at home. For example, a mother could label the refrigerator, kitchen utensils like plates, spoon, fork, and glass, as well as computer, chairs, tables, and other big home items so that the child would be able to recognize the object and name it correctly as well. In the early stages of development, a child, through this activity, would be able to recognize shapes, colors, and even words and letters as s/he becomes familiar with the order of letters associated with the object, how it is called or pronounced, and later on, be familiar with the spelling of the word itself. Another activity centers on the ability of the child to identify, recognize, sort, and organize. This activity requires more physical engagement as the child is encouraged to identify objects that the adult has classified to belong to a particular group. The grouping could be in terms of the objects, shape, color, or placement in the house. The child willShow MoreRelatedEquality Diversity Inclusion1538 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Explain what is meant by. Equality Equality is treating people fairly and making sure that everyone is given a fair chance and that their individual needs are met. 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There is various legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity in including: Human Rights Act 1998 – Gives further legal status to the standards on Human Rights that was set out in 1948 with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This highlighted the principle that all humans haveRead MoreInclusive Practice Essay3545 Words   |  15 Pagesknowledge and understanding of the legal requirements and policy relating to inclusion. Critically analyse the issues surrounding Special Educational provision and disability in school. During the ten years that I have worked in primary education inclusivity has played an increasingly important part when considering how the curriculum can be delivered and how a classroom can be managed to ensure that it is accessed by all children. 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I hope that you find this handbook informative and user-friendly, but if you need any more support please contact your Early Years Inclusion Adviser (EYIA). Angela Everett Early Intervention Manager Schools and Learning Department Page 1 of 47 Index Section 1- Wiltshire’s policies and guidance documents 1.1 1.2 SEN strategy Wiltshire Indicators and Provisions Document (WIPD) SectionRead More2.4. Diversity, Equality and Inclusion3667 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿TDA Unit 204 Equality, diversity inclusion in work with children young people [1.1].In your setting, there is a range of policies which formally sets out guidelines and procedures for ensuring equality. The policies must take into account the rights of all individuals and groups within the school as well as considering the ways policies work to ensure equality, inclusion. Policies also pay regards to the values and practice, which are part of all aspect of school life.   United Nation’s

Review International Entrepreneurship SME Enterprises

Questions: A. Many entrepreneurial of small and medium Organisation's dont follow a planned or strategic approach to the issue of internationalisation, instead use of an evolutionary strategy based on a combination of methods and options. Identify every approach providing relevent examples for each, review the various options that can be used, the pro's and Con's of these options and how the probability of success can be maximised? B. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development suggests that Small to Medium Business's have a tendency to move to markets that are geographically or psychologically close to them rather than distant. a) Detail the pro's and cons of these approaches.b) Discuss the problems that may be encountered by moving into new markets that geographically or psychologically distant. Are these issues specific to the business sector such as manufacturing or the service sector? Answers: Introduction: The internationalization of big global retailers is well recognized, and researchers were taken about in their procedures, aim and approaches for growth and development. It does not mean that international retailer has to be large; however enterprises which are dynamic have strong strategies, and products have shown the capability of growth internationally. SME internationalization by nature incorporates very different set of prospects in the global market. Businessmen are now looking for the environment for putting up its business. The key challenge of these SME's is to establish globally. Thus when these small and medium enterprises want to internationalize they have to look for people with strong networks so that they can benefit from the social capital that will help them facilitate overseas operations (Abebe and Angriawan, 2011). They can create networks in trade fairs and exhibitions. The internationalization of SME is decisively evaluated on the following: Timing of the internationalization Strength and sustainability of the internationalization Medium of internationalization Impact of local environment in context of internationalization Influence of external supply of commodities to internationalize Effect of the performance of SME due to internationalize A: Approaches the internalization Internalization can be vital to achieving long-term success for SME enterprises as they are assumed to show global growth in the initial stage (Atik, 2012). This paper illustrates what approaches do the SME's use to be successful in internationalizing than another firm which use network approaches. Internationalization has been considered as an augmentation process where the firms sink towards close markets and inclines and escalate dedication towards global or international markets in steady steps through a sequence of evolutionary strategy (Bell et al., 2003). Nowadays there is a quick internationalization of many "born global firms" which by its inception expand in multiple countries (Chetty and Campbell Hunt, 2003). Then there are "born-again global firms" who have an impact of events that supply them with additional financial or human resources, like change in rights and ownership, acquisition (internal or external) (Kalantaridis, 2004). Small and medium enterprises use global diversification as a strategy so as to accomplish growth (Karaev, Lenny Koh and Szamosi, 2007). There are many approaches by which SME's internationalize themselves: Uppsala Theory Uppsala Model, a theory laid down by Johanson and Vahlne, which elucidate that how small and medium firms slowly increases their activities in the international markets. The firms' gains experience first from their local markets before escalating to the foreign markets, firms start their global operations from geographically adjacent countries and slowly move to culturally more distant countries, the firms start their operations globally by using conventional exports and then moving to using rigorous and challenging operation strategies both at the targeted economy level and company level. The model also explains that sales in foreign should start with sporadic orders of exports which are followed by frequent exports. POM Model is also similar to Uppsala Model in which explains that first sales should be a physical product- knowledge, service, and systems. It presumes that expansion in should be in sales product than operation and then market strategy relates to new global markets (R odriguez, 2007). The firm finally will not obligate to higher level of resources till it gains a high level of knowledge and so the internationalization develops stepwise at a slow speed. For example, Various Swedish companies like Volvo, Sandvik, Atlas Copco, and Facit, etc. have used this particular model (www.iei.liu.se, 2015). The model was made in accordance with the establishment of the chain as well as a dynamic model. The main issue of the company is to spend some amount of money in ornamenting its ability. The textile company preferred more in investing in the building purpose rather than its ability. This building is made for the new products launched by the company for their foreign customers. This strategy helps the company to invest their money in the international business. They have chosen two countries like China and Mexico. This strategy has helped the company to get more developed company. International Entrepreneurship Theory (IET) International entrepreneurship means reducing cultural barriers, development of technology, and removing cultural ignorance has unlocked formerly isolated international markets to many different firms either small or medium, new business enterprise and also recognized companies (Internationalisation of European SMEs, 2010). International entrepreneurship means study of entrepreneurial activities and behavior between two countries in which firms discover how to endorse, examine and utilize the prospects for the invention of new product and services. Discover refers to search for inventive opportunities. Endorse means to actively allocate opportunities to gain competitive advantage. Examine means to evaluate the measures taken to develop knowledge and experience. Chinese organization likes Buckley, Clegg, Cross, Liu, etc. have employed this specific approach (legacy.wlu.ca, 2015). Network Theory Network theory states that contemporary advanced technology firms do not display growth process; preferably they gain quicker internationalization through skills and means of the network partners. The firms in the market are implanted in more than one network through association of their suppliers, contractors, consumers and other market players (Wright, Westhead and Ucbasaran, 2007). Thus, networks are bridging system which let fast internalization. The importance of network theory is leading to engaging firms closer by means of data that the entities acquire by creating good relationships with the consumers, sellers, dealers and distributors, public agencies, industries as well as the market players. This kind of relationship is based on knowledge and skill, loyalty, and mutual trust. For example, organization like IBM Corporation, Syntex (USA) Inc , etc have chosen the Network theory for its business strategy and found that the interior of the textile company and the exterior of the company have a very relationship among themselves (www.oecd.org, 2015). This helps the Company to have more resources and have the situation to have more advantage than the other companies or the rival companies. Mainly the company has a very good position in the game structure of the company. The flow of capital in the business can be made stable condition by practicing the theory. This factor is one of the essential factors for the business purpose. Electic theory of Entrepreneurship The electic theory of entrepreneurship describes the important elements for any firm for the internalization. The decision regarding the foreign investment is depend on the three advantages of the firm namely ownership advantage, internal advantage and location advantage with the other decisions jointly. The ownership advantage involves the capabilities of the firm to fulfill the current or potential demand of the customer. This advantage of the firm is related with the firm specific or product specific such as Patent and Trade Mark, advance technology, competitive advantage or core competency of an organization. These are directly related with the ability of the firm to fulfill the demand of the customer. The firm that has the ownership advantage needs to select licensing agreement for the transfer of technology. The decision regarding the internationalization is depend on the internal activity of the firm. The firm who has the ownership advantage and internal competitive advantage should not go for agreement with a foreign firm. The company should expand and exploit the business internationally with itself. Third advantage of the firm is related with the external advantage of an organization. This advantage is named as location advantage. This is advantage is totally depend on the geographical factor of the country where the firm wants to expand the business through internationalization. There are several things are related with the location advantage of a firm such as natural resources, large population, geographical infrastructure, political system, tax barriers, policies, rules regulation, etc. Toyota is a Japanese based automobile based. At present, it is operating it automobile business operation globally. It holds 40% market share in Japan, 11.2% in US and 5% in Europe. It has observed that the company is success for the internationalization of the business through the eletic theory. The company has the advantage of producing high technology cars. The brand value of the company was already high when it taken decision for the expansion to Euro market. The company has set firm itself in European Union and in other countries without going any joint venture. The geographical advantage to the Europe was also high for the company (classes.uleth.ca, 2015). The following diagram is the theoretical structure of the three models and how they are related to each other: Internationalization gives rise to market entry. SMEs have to ponder on the best market strategy to capture the current market which is ruled by big players and create their own market. Two kinds of strategies can be drawn 1) Niching Strategy and 2) Substitution Strategy. For example, Independent Commodity Supplies a UK based chemicals and packaging SME follows niching strategy where the firms attain tactical fit and prevent straight competition with bigger companies (Crick and Spence, 2005). They use differentiated product and services (Ratten et al., 2007). It has sales of $9.91 million with only 10 employees. On the contrary, Violia Media Services a book distribution uses the substitution strategy which focusing on accommodating bigger firms (Crick and Crick, 2014). They focus on substitutable goods. The following table shows the difference between the two strategies. Comparison: Niching Strategy and Substitution Strategy Strategy Dimensions Niching Strategy Substitution Strategy Strategic Objectives Attain Strategic fit and avoid direct competition Force accommodation by bigger firms Target Market Unmet market gaps Market well established by bigger firms Product/Service Differentiated Substitutable Cost Entry Costs of market development Avoid incurring costs of market development Competitive Advantage First movers advantage Second movers advantage There are many pros and cons of these theories (Lloyd - Reason and Deprey, 2009). SMEs, which are looking to internationalize, will need to find out about the external and internal factors influencing their organizations (Hill, Nancarrow and Tiu Wright, 2002). At times, entrepreneurs think that by means of perpetual planning they can eliminate the shocks that might crop up from environmental uncertainty (Coviello and Jones, 2004). But in reality few might able to benefit while the other in spite of planning may not be able to triumph over growth-related crisis as they may need hasty action (Coviello and MCAuley, 1999). Thus, learning is very vital to foreign expansion and so having clarity in understanding of the location that entrepreneurs function. Limited information to analyze markets can be a big drawback for an SME while internationalizing, inadequate knowledge of the markets gives rise to gaps in information. Again failure to network with prospective foreign customers may put a firm at risk because many big players are already in the host market (The Internationalisation of Services: Trends and Barriers, 2003). Managerial skills are very necessary to acquire knowledge of the market (Hutchinson, Quinn and Alexander, 2006). There are other barriers to the theories found which are: Exchange rate Documentation Administrative issues Payment issues Technical problems Global market completion On the contrary, there are certain pros of the mentioned approaches which can be discussed in the following: Gain of knowledge/skill: In recent scenarios it has been found that knowledge is a plus point for both pull and push SMEs in the foreign markets. Pull of SMEs in the international markets help in bridging the gap of know-how that is required to uphold on markets. The push aspect gives importance of the manager's last foreign experience and his management capability factors. Growth: Growth prospects are related to the international markets. There is a possibility of growth in the foreign markets with the opportunity of earning increased profits. This gives an additional stimulus to the SMEs. They get highly motivated with the business growth, bigger market size, robust market position, and increased profits and eliminate the dependence on the single markets. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development suggests that Small to Medium Business's have a tendency to move to markets that are geographically or psychologically close to them rather than distant. B: A] Pros of Small and Medium Enterprise towards this approach: In comparison to big enterprises SME's has the advantages of offering individualized services like they can ask their workers to safeguard their customers whenever there is the need (Agwa-Ejon and Fore, 2011). It is seen that SME's gives one of the best customer services. They are always present for the customers help whenever they have any problem. The size of the market helps the SME's to target their audience and for that reason they can easily understand the need of their customers and offer them better products (Bouchard and Basso, 2011). SME's has a power to adapt themselves to any market changes and work faster according to the taste and need of the customers. Flexible in meeting requirements, taste and priority- SME's have the advantage to match with the specific requirements of their consumers or make the compromise when there is a request for them. Increased capacity for transformation- SME's have the capacity to innovate their products continuously and also they brings new products, services and publicity in the market without taking much risk (Chiao, Yang and Yu, 2006). As SME's are mainly of simple structure and less complicated, so they can easily adapt to the market changes to meet their needs and also to transform. SME's have straightforward and low ranking structure; they have the potential to build quick and timely big enterprises and in return allowing them with large capacity (G.JAYANTHI and Dr. R AMUDHA, 2011; Goey and Veluwenkamp, 2002). As a start up SME's can plan out their marketing plan in such a way where it is cost effective for them, and also customers can easily get attracted (Handayani, Hidayanto and Budi, 2013). Cons of Small and Medium Enterprise towards this approach are, SME's are unable to take the burden when there is the requirement of bulk products because the lays back in upgraded technologies. If also they have upgraded technologies but due to cost a factor they are unable to buy machinery in huge quantity, and they lack behind in supply of their products to the customers (Hurtley, 2011). When a big brand launches their products, they do large promotions in all over the place including the media and in these areas the SME's lacks in competing with them. When big enterprises launches their products by promoting their products with the help of big celebrities and SME's lack back in attracting their customers as they are psychologically attracted to those big stars (Irwin and Scott, 2010). SME's can easily understand the mind language of the customers like the big enterprises, but they lack in grabbing their customers when big enterprises promote their products with many offers (Jrgens en and Ulhi, 2010). SME's cannot give offers or discounts as much as the big enterprise offers to their customers keeping their profit intact. B] Problems faced by Small and Medium Enterprises when they are geographically and psychologically moving their business distant When a small and medium enterprise expands their business or rather it can be said that when they are launching themselves in other place or countries the main problems faced by them are geographical and psychological problem (Onwuchekwa Faith Chidi, 2012). Before analyzing the problem faced by small and medium enterprises, it is necessary to understand the entry mode available into a foreign market. Following are the three basic assessments the firms should consider before moving international (Olejnik and Swoboda, 2012): Market: The firms should consider which market to internationalize looking for equilibrium between risk, costs and benefits. Timing of entry: The enterprises should decide when to go abroad which makes them pioneers if entry is quick and experiencing high expenses or later entrants and having lower cost. Scale of entry: A firm should decide on what scale should it enter. For example, if the entry should be made on a huge scale or diminutive scale. After reflecting on these points, now the SMEs should keep in mind the following: Exporting: The conventional way of entering international market is by exporting, allocating an area for further international growth. This strategy is used widely by the SMEs because they lack in resources and to an extent also lack in knowledge and experience (Masum and Fernandez, 2015). Projects of Turnkey: The type of work involves two entities are accountable to fix a project or a factory (Ofarrell, Wood and Zheng, 1998). Such type of access is practiced by the entities in particular companies like metal, engineering, creation, sanitization, and chemicals. This sort of access method is effective in FDI (foreign direct investment) is inadequate for the congregation economy. For example, HCM Engineering, UK based SME has lately joined in a successful partnership with Ibex Engineering, India, an export-focused firm which provides with tooling, die-casting, etc. Licensing: It is an agreement where the licensee receives rights in insubstantial possessions to an additional firm for a precise phase of time and while revisiting the licensee pays a faithfulness charge to the licensor (Singh, Pathak and Naz, 2010). This type of entry is good for firms which lack in financial resources to produce abroad. Franchising: This involves long phrase obligations while licensing is minute phrase. In franchising, a firm obtains the rights from an additional entity which forces the franchising firm to play a role in specific business actions, like advertising and promoting. The entity advertising and promoting the authorization will get a monarchs payment that is connected to the authorization's gain margins. The enterprises which open authorization prevent a lot of costs and threats of starting a multitude economy. Joint venture: The firm where more than two private entities work mutually. They have the same opinion to unite mutually distributing the profits and expenses and the jurisdiction of the novel entity. The business enterprises can have long term association or new project. Wholly owned subsidiaries: In this type a firm holds 100% stock of the other firm. In this mode of entry, two ways may happen, first by putting up new Greenfield venture, and the other is acquiring a renowned entity in multitude country and utilizes that particular firm to endorse its products. As the market is new to them though before starting their enterprise they have studied about the geographical and psychological factor of the place but on a practical basis the whole thing is new to them (Pett and Wolff, 2011). They do not have any idea about the requirements of the people staying there and as it is unknown to them they are unable to approach people and for that people are not getting easily attracted towards their product (Prasad and Singh, 2013). This is also not only the reason there are many other reason like if a chemical and a packaging company like Independent Commodity Supplies wants to spread its chain in countries like India, Bangladesh then they have to see the geographical sector of these countries(Pihkala, Ylinenpaa and Vesalainen, 2002) . They earned sale of this company is around 9(m) and when they will spread their chain in this type of countries which is totally in a different continent and their total climatic condition is different from UK. So, the company has to change their strategy planning that how they will be launching they will introduce their products in the markets of these companies (Singh, Pathak and Naz, 2010). To attract the customers towards their company and products they have to give demonstrations to the people also have to do free promotions. As it is a chemical firm they also have to keep some important things in their mind that the chemicals which they are using in countries like UK whether those chemicals will work or not in this countries due to the geographical conditions (Skiver, Hong and Lee, 2013). The geographical conditions of India, Bangladesh are totally different from the geographical conditions of UK. As both the countries are developing countries, so the company also has to keep in mind the psychological factors of the residents of these countries. Langland Advertising Design is an advertising firm in UK and if they want to expand their business in East Asian countries then at first they have to study the psychological factors to the people of these countries (Songini and Gnan, 2014). Geographical factors are important but psychological factors play much more important roles for these types of enterprises (Skiver, Hong, and Lee) (Uden, 2014). In India and Bangladesh, people grabs those parts which are shown on advertisements because people's from different status sees these advertisements and people of below middle class tries to absorb these things and tries to apply in their daily life which creates many problems in the society. So, Langland Advertising Design has to keep these factors in their mind mainly the psychological side of the people of these countries (Venkataramanaiah and Parashar, 2007). In UK they can easily draw the attention of their residents by placards and social media and magazines because their people ar e highly advanced in social networking and their personal networking are also very strong but all the residents of India and Bangladesh are not socially connected also with the social media so to attract them the company have to go for posters, placards, and pamphlets and for these things they have to use a lot of money to gain publicity the market (Wahab and Rahim, 2013). References Abebe, M. and Angriawan, A. (2011). The internationalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): a multi-level integrative framework. IJEIM, 13(3/4), p.377. Agwa-Ejon, J. and Fore, S. (2011). Challenges Faced by SMEs in Developing Countries in Implementing Cleaner Production (CP). AMR, 367, pp.257-263. Atik, A. (2012). A Strategic Investment Decision: Internationalization of SMEs : A Multiple Appraisal Approach and Illustration with a Case Study. iBusiness, 04(02), pp.146-156. Bell, J., McNaughton, R., Young, S. and Crick, D. (2003). Towards an Integrative Model of Small Firm Internationalisation. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(4), pp.339-362. Bouchard, V. and Basso, O. (2011). Exploring the links between entrepreneurial orientation and intrapreneurship in SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 18(2), pp.219-231. Chetty, S. and Campbell Hunt, C. (2003). Paths to internationalisation among small  to medium sized firms. European Journal of Marketing, 37(5/6), pp.796-820. Chiao, Y., Yang, K. and Yu, C. (2006). Performance, Internationalization, and Firm-specific Advantages of SMEs in a Newly-Industrialized Economy. Small Bus Econ, 26(5), pp.475-492. classes.uleth.ca,. (2015). Retrieved 29 April 2015, from https://classes.uleth.ca/200603/mgt3860z/Documents/GBT%20-%20Ch%207.pdf Coviello, N. and Jones, M. (2004). Methodological issues in international entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(4), pp.485-508. Coviello, N. and MCAuley, A. (1999). Internationalisation and the smaller firm: A Review of Contemporary Empirical Research. Management International Review, 39(3), pp.223-256. Crick, D. and Crick, J. (2014). The internationalization strategies of rapidly internationalizing high-tech UK SMEs. European Business Review, 26(5), pp.421-448. Crick, D. and Spence, M. (2005). The internationalisation of high performing UK high-tech SMEs: a study of planned and unplanned strategies. International Business Review, 14(2), pp.167-185. G.JAYANTHI, G. and Dr. R AMUDHA, D. (2011). Competitive Advantages and Business Practices of Exporting SMEs For Internationalization (A STUDY ON PUMP AND MOTOR MANUFACTURING FIRMS OF COIMBATORE). IJAR, 3(7), pp.414-416. Goey, F. and Veluwenkamp, J. (2002). Entrepreneurs and institutions in Europe and Asia, 1500-2000. Amsterdam: Aksant. Handayani, P., Hidayanto, A. and Budi, I. (2013). Business Process Requirements for Indonesian Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and ERP Systems Comparison. JCP, 8(9). Hill, J., Nancarrow, C. and Tiu Wright, L. (2002). Lifecycles and crisis points in SMEs: a case approach. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 20(6), pp.361-369. Hurtley, S. (2011). Small Changes Have Big Consequences. Science, 333(6046), pp.1073-1073. Hutchinson, K., Quinn, B. and Alexander, N. (2006). The role of management characteristics in the internationalisation of SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4), pp.513-534. Internationalisation of European SMEs. (2010). Entrepreneurship Unit, pp.5-121. Irwin, D. and Scott, J. (2010). Barriers faced by SMEs in raising bank finance. Int Jrnl of Ent Behav Res, 16(3), pp.245-259. Jrgensen, F. and Ulhi, J. (2010). Enhancing Innovation Capacity in SMEs through Early Network Relationships. Creativity and Innovation Management, 19(4), pp.397-404. Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J. (1990). The Mechanism of Internationalisation. International Marketing Review, 7(4). Kalantaridis, C. (2004). Internationalization, Strategic Behavior, and the Small Firm: A Comparative Investigation. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(3), pp.245-262. Karaev, A., Lenny Koh, S. and Szamosi, L. (2007). The cluster approach and SME competitiveness: a review. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 18(7), pp.818-835. legacy.wlu.ca,. (2015).Network theory for its business strategy. Retrieved 29 April 2015, from https://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/30218/International_Entrepreneurship.pdf Lloyd - Reason, P. and Deprey, B. (2009). Top Barriers and Drivers to SME Internationalisation. Report by OECD Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship, pp.2-27. Masum, M. and Fernandez, A. (2015). Internationalization Process of SMEs: Strategies and Methods. Master Thesis in Intern ational Business and Entrepreneurship, (3 June,2008), pp.1-38. Ofarrell, P., Wood, P. and Zheng, J. (1998). Internationalisation by Business Service SMEs: An Inter-industry Analysis. International Small Business Journal, 16(2), pp.13-33. Olejnik, E. and Swoboda, B. (2012). SMEs' internationalisation patterns: descriptives, dynamics and determinants. International Marketing Review, 29(5), pp.466-495. Onwuchekwa Faith Chidi, O. (2012). Financial Challenges of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (Smes) In Nigeria: The Relevance of Accounting Information. Review of Public Administration and Management, 01(02). Pett, T. and Wolff, J. (2011). Examining SME performance: the role of innovation, RD and internationalisation. IJEV, 3(3), p.301. Pihkala, T., Ylinenpaa, H. and Vesalainen, J. (2002). Innovation barriers amongst clusters of European SMEs. IJEIM, 2(6), p.520. Prasad, A. and Singh, G. (2013). Problems and development issues of SMEs in Fiji. IJESB, 19(1), p.21. Ratten, V., Dana, L., Han, M. and Welpe, I. (2007). Internationalisation of SMEs: European comparative studies. IJESB, 4(3), p.361. Rodriguez, J. (2007). The Internationalisation of the Small and Medium sized Firm 1. Prometheus, 25(3), pp.305-317. Singh, G., Pathak, R. and Naz, R. (2010). Issues faced by SMEs in the internationalization process: results from Fiji and Samoa. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 5(2), pp.153-182. Singh, G., Pathak, R. and Naz, R. (2010). Issues faced by SMEs in the internationalization process: results from Fiji and Samoa. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 5(2), pp.153-182. Skiver, R., Hong, P. and Lee, C. (2013). Challenges and opportunities for SMEs competing in the global market: a literature review for future research. IJECRM, 7(3/4), p.191. Songini, L. and Gnan, L. (2014). The glass ceiling in SMEs and its impact on firm managerialisation: a comparison between family and non-family SMEs. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 9(2), p.170. The Internationalisation of Services: Trends and Barriers. (2003). Economic Bulletin, 40(10), pp.347-350. Uden, L. (2014). How to Promote Competitive Advantages for SMEs: Issues, Ideas and Innovation. Journal of Business Systems, Governance Ethics, 2(2). Venkataramanaiah, S. and Parashar, S. (2007). Enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs through industrial clusters: The Indian experience. International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development, 6(3), pp.227-243. Wahab, N. and Rahim, S. (2013). Areas for Benchmarking among SMEs. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, pp.270-273. Wright, M., Westhead, P. and Ucbasaran, D. (2007). Internationalization of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and International Entrepreneurship: A Critique and Policy Implications. Regional Studies, 41(7), pp.1013-1030. www.iei.liu.se,. (2015).Uppsala Model. Retrieved 29 April 2015, from https://www.iei.liu.se/fek/frist/723g17/pwom_2009_filarkiv/1.101360/Lect6-Internationalization1stpartUppsalaModel-09.pdf www.oecd.org,. (2015). Retrieved 29 April 2015, from https://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/41858618.pdf ]

The power of comedy Essay Example For Students

The power of comedy Essay Some people have the misconception that comedy is the actual opposite of drama. However under closer examination it is apparent that Comedy is that of a dramatic work. Dramatic work that is light and often humorous or satirical in tone and that usually contains a happy resolution of a conflict. Comedy keeps the world in motion, it allows people to shrug off rude comments, laugh at one another, and it creates a casual environment. There are many types of comedy: irony, satire, sarcasm etc. All are used in making the world more enjoyable. However, comedy consequently has the potential to make someone laugh as well as being offended. Laughter is a universal phenomenon however although comedy is as well, but only in a selective material to a selective audience to what you find funny enough to laugh. Two Interviews I conducted two interviews with a friend from work: Alex who performs stand up comedy at local bars from time to time and a close personal relative of mine named Travis. Please Note out of the respect of confidentiality I have replaced their real names with fictitious names. We will write a custom essay on The power of comedy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now My main question to them was What is comedy and what they think its main function is? Here is what they had to say. I used a tape recorder and wrote their answers verbatim. Interview ALEX: You know as a comedian as ironic as this may seem, I am not necessary looking for my audience to get a laugh, although I sure dont wanna make them cry I am more interested in seeing the reaction in their faces and body movement. I know I am not the funniest comedian out there, I dont claim to be. If you get an audience who is reacting to your jokes they are at least stimulated and our engaged. I am looking for a reaction from my actions. I like controversy. I know I have the potential to give of a single punch line that will make some laugh, some offended, some that wont find me funny, and some that just wont get it to begin with. You know that is some powerful shit you when you can say something that can give people so many different reactions. As Angus was stating in our oral presentation Comedy is like a weapon: A loaded gun waiting to explode when hit Alex, draws some of his humor from the work place. He studies people and how they act and behave at work. For example, he notices the ones addressing work issues such as: asking the boss for a raise. However, these people according to him practice too much in the bathroom mirror. According to Alex, they all seem to overly paranoid on how they appear physically and do not pay enough attention on what is coming out of their mouth. For example a friend of mine always thinks that his physical style and handsome features will guarantee him a raise. I can almost hear him echo the words: That green tie going to make me look sexier along with those glasses to make me look smarter for the job interview? Alex like most comedians is a layman Sociologist. Alex is interested in reality story telling. In the sense of taking situations from everyday life such as the work place and acting out common sense behavior that we do on a daily basis but sometimes we forget or take it for granted why we act the way we do in various situations. Shortly after I will use examples of the sitcom Seinfeld on how it makes fun of everyday living. Interview: Travis: I never had a sense of humor before I tried to kill myself. Its ironic I had to attempt suicide just to discover how life can be more on the funny side then on the dark side. In the ICU my time was filled with nothingness, sleeping and staring at the wall; ashamed of not being able to kill myself properly. While in the recovery room, a friend came over and started to tell jokes that any other day wouldnt even crack a smile on my face but for whatever reason I couldnt stop laughing. I appreciated the fact that unlike my family members and other close friends they where too serious of dealing with the situation, that just made me feel guilty. .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb , .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb .postImageUrl , .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb , .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb:hover , .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb:visited , .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb:active { border:0!important; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb:active , .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u276b9665cc3e7f7871c766bbf0c682fb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Political science EssayHowever this special friend caught me of guard, was making fun of me, saying that I was an amateur and that I didnt know how to get the job done right and that I needed a book for Dummies on how to kill myself properly. You see this is what made me feel happy inside. It lighten up the situation. I knew my friend was making the tension escape the room and I love him for that. That laughter in my soul was something that I truly experienced for the first time. I was genuinely laughing, that laughter made me feel good; with that laughter I was happy. Comedy plain and simple to me is and hope always will be my Therapy better then any drug I have ever taken, something to help the empty void I have felt all my life. Comedy and Common Sense in the Seinfeld Show In the show Seinfeld the type of comedy is satire. A, show, which exposes the follies of individuals in everyday life and their ridiculousness nature at times. In Seinfeld, the actors situations and their neurotic sense of humor and the combination of everyday life, and their interactions with others and themselves make it funny. Seinfeld is a show that tackles issues such as gender issues, cultural norms, socialization and personal relationships, sex and gender issues, homophobia, health, race and ethnicity and religion. These are all potentially sensitive issues that had the recipes to have made Seinfeld a very heavy dramatic show. However comedy as I mentioned before is drama done in a light fashion. Seinfild makes fun of these issues not making fun at them directly but how we People deal and react to these issues. In essence peoples reactions becomes funny or tragic. Its never the topic that is funny, interesting boring, scary. But how we society members within a culture react to these topics. As we have discussed in class sadly Sociology is sometimes criticized as an academic field that describes the obvious, the Common Sense world that, assumingly, we all know and understand. But what is common sense? Most people can think of numerous examples of commons sense, such as not putting a toaster with the plug on and dump it in the bath. Everything that is considered common sense is something that we learn from our parents, teachers, friends, Etc. A child is not born with the knowledge not to put a toaster into a bath. Thats why parents must keep an eye on young children all the time. People violate the rules of common sense regularly. For example, in the Sienfield episode The Virgin Jerry and George make a second pitch for their sitcom with the executives from NBC. George commits a major NO NO when he kisses his girlfriend Susan, who is one of the executives. After the meeting Susan is fired because of the kiss. When she confronts George about how unprofessional his kiss was, George responded that he had no idea his behavior was so inappropriate. Susan in amazed at his obvious lack of common sense, questions how anyone could not know that such behavior was unacceptable. In Susans world, Georges behavior violated expected behavior but George, new to this work world, was clueless. In Georges mind, he was merely greeting his girlfriend with a kiss, a common sense thing to do when you are in a relationship with someone. In another episodes Jerry and George pitch to the executives what the show would be about: George: I think I can sum up the show for you with one word: Nothing! Russell: Nothing George smiles: Nothing Jerry: Well maybe in Philosophy. But even nothing is something. Seinfeld is really a show about everything from macro to micro social interactions. Its a show what people do on a daily basis. This is comedic for the audience as they can relate to these sorts of situations from one day to the next. We where talking in class about Goffmans private and Front stage personas. The role that people perform for others is conducted in the front stage setting and does not represent the actors true self. .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 , .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 .postImageUrl , .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 , .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8:hover , .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8:visited , .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8:active { border:0!important; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8:active , .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8 .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc21deeca3e0cf04ae6b37d15d039a8b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Death penalty1 EssayExample: The Soup Episode While Jerry and George where ordering their meal, the waitress flirts with George, She playfully mentions his beautiful face. George feels very complemented however his self-esteem issues get the better of him. When he asks Jerry, if the waitress really meant that he had a beautiful face: He replies: Well they do work on tips. One last example is the episode called the Pledge Drive Elaines Boss, Mr. Pitt, uses a knife and fork to eat his chocolate bar. Elaine tells George and Jerry about this and they find it quite peculiar. As George thinks about this odd behavior he theorizes that Mr. Pitt, as a high society type, probably just doesnt want to get chocolate on his fingers. During a working lunch with his Yankees- organization coworkers, George decides to eat his candy bar with a knife and fork. Initially, Mr. Morgan, Georges boss, mocks George for his strange way of eating a candy bar. In a arrogant manner, George replies, I am eating my desert. How do you eat it with your hands? IF a wealthy person behaves oddly they are labeled eccentric. However someone from the lower class who acts oddly are called weird. Mr. Pitt who is wealthy who eats the chocolate bar with his fork and knife is eccentric but however is someone who is cultured. While George a middle class slacker is considered weird and people laugh when he eats a chocolate bar with a fork. Conclusion: Comedy is hear to make the world feel a bit lighter. Without comedy our lives would be dull. Successful comedy has the potential to make someone laugh to feel less alienated. The power of comedy has the potential to give someone hope to feel good enough to want to live on planet earth.

Free Essays on Moses

Throughout the Bible, Moses has been portrayed as the deliverer, leader, lawgiver, and prophet of Israel. He is the Hebrew prophet who delivered the Israelites from Egyptian slavery and was their leader and lawgiver during their years of wandering in the wilderness. The name in Hebrew is Mosheh, meaning drawn out, but the original meaning is derived from the Egyptian language meaning child or son. The Egyptian translation reflects that Pharaoh's daughter simply named him "child" when Moses was found. Moses belonged to the tribe of Levi, and was the son of Amram by his wife Jochebed. The other members of the family were Aaron and Miriam, his elder brother and sister. The life of Moses is divided into three equal portions of forty years each, consisting of his life in Egypt, exile in Arabia, and government of Israel. Moses was a leader so inspired by God that he was able to build a nation from a race of oppressed and weary slaves. In the covenant ceremony at Mount Sinai, where the Ten Commandments were given, he founded the religious community known as Israel. As the interpreter of these covenant laws, he was the organizer of the community's religious and civil traditions. His story is told in the Old Testament, in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. He was a child of the captive Hebrews, but one whom the Lord would use to deliver Israel from her oppressors. Life in Egypt Moses was born about 1520 B.C. In Egypt took place his birth, adoption, and the avenging of his countrymen. At the time of Moses' birth the order commanding the slaying of all male children was in force, (Exodus 1:10,16), but his mother was by some means able to conceal him and hid him away for three months. When disguise was no longer possible she placed him in a small basket of papyrus, possibly from an Egyptian belief that the plant is a protection from crocodiles. She placed him among the reeds of the Nile and left his sister to... Free Essays on Moses Free Essays on Moses Moses There have been many individuals who could be considered leaders, but some stand out among the others. An example of a superb leader is Moses. Moses is viewed as a righteous man in God’s eyes and is chosen to lead the Hebrews out of oppression in Egypt. Contained in the story of Exodus are many examples of Moses’ sacrifices and the hardships he endured while freeing the Hebrews. The faith of Moses was tested numerous times throughout the story, and, in some instances, it seemed that Moses had lost faith, however, being the "righteous" man that he was, he stuck it out until the end. Moses is a "pillar of faith" for surviving his tests and for being the perfect tool for God’s plans. The Old Testament, model of a great patriarch, is one who possesses faith coupled with voluntary obedience to God’s wishes and gratitude. These things combine to make up God’s standard of moral goodness. If the person obeys God’s laws and meets His standards, the individual may obtain happiness. The ultimate model of a great patriarch is Moses. The book of Exodus, begins with the Egyptian’s decision to oppress the Hebrews who lived in the land of Egypt for 400 years. (The descendants of Joseph and his brothers) Although Moses was born a Hebrew, Moses grew up in the Pharaoh’s court and the Hebrews were jealous of him. The Egyptians didn’t trust him as well. This is one of the main reasons why Moses was such a great leader. He didn’t really have any strong ties to either the Hebrews of the Egyptians. This is why he can be harsh and use force to make the people understand what God wants. He has the guts to order his own people to th eir death for freedom. Moses was willing t! o risk his life for his people and one day Moses saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew in the work-yard, and hastily killed the Egyptian with his bare hands. He then fled from Egypt to Midian, and found a wife with whom he had a son. Yet, Moses knew he wo... Free Essays on Moses Throughout the Bible, Moses has been portrayed as the deliverer, leader, lawgiver, and prophet of Israel. He is the Hebrew prophet who delivered the Israelites from Egyptian slavery and was their leader and lawgiver during their years of wandering in the wilderness. The name in Hebrew is Mosheh, meaning drawn out, but the original meaning is derived from the Egyptian language meaning child or son. The Egyptian translation reflects that Pharaoh's daughter simply named him "child" when Moses was found. Moses belonged to the tribe of Levi, and was the son of Amram by his wife Jochebed. The other members of the family were Aaron and Miriam, his elder brother and sister. The life of Moses is divided into three equal portions of forty years each, consisting of his life in Egypt, exile in Arabia, and government of Israel. Moses was a leader so inspired by God that he was able to build a nation from a race of oppressed and weary slaves. In the covenant ceremony at Mount Sinai, where the Ten Commandments were given, he founded the religious community known as Israel. As the interpreter of these covenant laws, he was the organizer of the community's religious and civil traditions. His story is told in the Old Testament, in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. He was a child of the captive Hebrews, but one whom the Lord would use to deliver Israel from her oppressors. Life in Egypt Moses was born about 1520 B.C. In Egypt took place his birth, adoption, and the avenging of his countrymen. At the time of Moses' birth the order commanding the slaying of all male children was in force, (Exodus 1:10,16), but his mother was by some means able to conceal him and hid him away for three months. When disguise was no longer possible she placed him in a small basket of papyrus, possibly from an Egyptian belief that the plant is a protection from crocodiles. She placed him among the reeds of the Nile and left his sister to...

Wuthering Heights Quotes

Wuthering Heights Quotes Wuthering Heights is a famous work of Gothic fiction by Emily Bronte. The work is often been compared with Jane Eyre, which is by Emilys sister, Charlotte. Wuthering Heights is a tale of all-consuming romantic passion. Here are a few quotes from Wuthering Heights. Quotes The intense horror of nightmare came over me: I tried to draw back my arm, but the hand clung to it, and a most melancholy voice sobbed, Let me in - let me in! Who are you? I asked, struggling, meanwhile, to disengage myself. Catherine Linton, it replied, shiveringly (why did I think of LINTON? I had read EARNSHAW twenty times for Linton) - Im come home: Id lost my way on the moor! As it spoke, I discerned, obscurely, a childs face looking through the window.- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 3Terror made me cruel; and finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till the blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes...- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 3I cannot love thee; thou rt worse than thy brother. Go, say thy prayers, child, and ask Gods pardon. I doubt thy mother and I must rue that we ever reared thee!- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 5Im trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I do nt care how long I wait, if I can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do!- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 7 They DO live more in earnest, more in themselves, and less in surface, change, and frivolous external things. I could fancy a love for life here almost possible; and I was a fixed unbeliever in any love of a years standing.- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 8he had ceased to express his fondness for her in words, and recoiled with angry suspicion from her girlish caresses, as if conscious there could be no gratification in lavishing such marks of affection on him.- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 8Doubtless Catherine marked the difference between her friends, as one came in and the other went out. The contrast resembled what you see in exchanging a bleak, hilly, coal country for a beautiful fertile valley; and his voice and greeting were as opposite as his aspect.- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 8It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him: and that, not because hes handsome, Nelly, but because hes more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Lintons is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 9 If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else remained, and he were annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it.- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 9Nelly, I am Heathcliff! Hes always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being.- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 9I seek no revenge on you, replied Heathcliff, less vehemently. Thats not the plan. The tyrant grinds down his slaves and they dont turn against him; they crush those beneath them. You are welcome to torture me to death for your amusement, only allow me to amuse myself a little in the same style, and refrain from insult as much as you are able. Having levelled my palace, dont erect a hovel and complacently admire your own charity in giving me that for a home. If I imagined you really wished me to marry Isabel, Id cut my throat!- Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Ch. 11 Well, if I cannot keep Heathcliff for my friendif Edgar will be mean and jealous, Ill try to break their hearts by breaking my own. That will be a prompt way of finishing all, when I am pushed to extremity!- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 11It is not in him to be loved like me: how can she love in him what he has not?- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 14That is how Im loved! Well, never mind. That is not my Heathcliff. I shall love mine yet; and take him with me: hes in my soul.- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 15Kiss me again, but dont let me see your eyes! I forgive what you have done to me. I love my murdererbut yours! How can I?- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 15And I pray one prayerI repeat it till my tongue stiffensCatherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living; you said I killed youhaunt me, then! The murdered DO haunt their murderers, I believe. I know that ghosts HAVE wandered on earth. Be with me alwaystake any formdrive me mad! only DO not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh, God! it is unutterable! I CANNOT live without my life! I CANNOT live without my soul!- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 16 Ill be very kind to him, you neednt fear, he said, laughing. Only nobody else must be kind to him: Im jealous of monopolising his affection.- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 20Besides, hes MINE, and I want the triumph of seeing MY descendant fairly lord of their estates; my child hiring their children to till their fathers lands for wages. That is the sole consideration which can make me endure the whelp: I despise him for himself, and hate him for the memories he revives! But that consideration is sufficient: hes as safe with me, and shall be tended as carefully as your master tends his own.- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 20But theres this difference: one is gold put to the use of paving-stones, and the other is tin polished to ape a service of silver.- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 21He wanted all to lie in an ecstasy of peace; I wanted all to sparkle and dance in a glorious jubilee. I said his heaven would be only half alive; and he said mine would be d runk: I said I should fall asleep in his; and he said he could not breathe in mine...- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 24 Hell never let his friends be at ease, and hell never be at ease himself!- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 24Catherines face was just like the landscapeshadows and sunshine flitting over it in rapid succession; but the shadows rested longer, and the sunshine was more transient...- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 27Im glad, for I shall be master of the Grange after himand Catherine always spoke of it as her house. It isnt hers! Its mine: papa says everything she has is mine. All her nice books are mine; she offered to give me them, and pretty birds, and her pony Minny, if I would get the key of her room, and let her out; but I told her she had nothing to give, they were all, all mine.- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights,  Ch. 28You have left me so long to struggle against death, alone, that I feel and see only death! I feel like death!- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 30I have lost the faculty of enjoying their destruction, and I am too idle to destroy for no thing.- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 33 Last night, I was on the threshold of hell. To-day, I am within sight of my heaven. I have my eyes on it: hardly three feet to sever me!- Emily Bronte,  Wuthering Heights, Ch. 34

Report on marine engineering industry in the uk Coursework

Report on marine engineering industry in the uk - Coursework Example million and total employees exceeding 410,000, it is the leading marine sector across Europe; it outshines aerospace, automotive and agricultural sectors (Stem Choices 2010). This report explores the marine engineering sector of United Kingdom covering industry trends, development opportunities, development constraints and main players. Marine sector encompasses numerous activities ranging from sub-se technology to shipping, aquaculture to ports, commercial fishing to royal navy; and leisure to maritime financial and legal services (Smith, H. & Lalwani 1999: 398). These activities can be divided into four subsectors relative to marine engineering activities namely marine resource-based, marine-related equipment and service, marine operations and shipping and marine system design and construction. Marine resource-based sub-sector involves activities for recovery of marine resources such as seabed mining and oil and gas exploration (Taylor 2013). Marine-related equipment and service sub-sector involves manufacture of equipment and provision of supportive services for marine activities; they include machinery, marine electronics, software development and instrumentation (Tooley 2012: 2-7). Marine operations and shipping sub-sector involves activities such as waste disposal and dredging whereas marine system design and construction involve coastal and offshore engineering and design, construction and design of ships (Tooley 2012: 2-7). UK is among the major countries leading in boat building sector across the globe. There has been a shift in preference in the market from sailing yachts to motor yachts hence booming of the powerboat sector of which UK holds a significant share; some UK motor boat builders recoded a minimum of 90% of their production (SEEDA 2007). Also, demand from China and Russia have driven high the demand of superyacht. Further, marine equipment industry boasts a good share of the world market (Highley et al. 2007); however, it faces stiff

How do geographies of exclusion and inequality structure experiences Essay

How do geographies of exclusion and inequality structure experiences of contemporary society - Essay Example These aspects have resulted to regional differences in relation to division of labour of gender in relation to reproduction and production, paid labour and unpaid labour, and in domestic and public spheres. Vanderbeck & Dunkley (2006) states that, the different values, norms and rules governing the gender in terms of division of labour and gender sharing of responsibilities, resources and power are significant elements in understanding the manner of inequality of gender in different regions and societies. Geographical differences mean that men and women take part in their national or regional economic activities differently from one another. More so these differences differ across the world. Two major factors are specifically significant in determining at which extent women take part in the main economic activities and their reach valued social resources; 2. How inflexible the â€Å"public private† segregate is, thus affecting the degree of the women in terms of public movement and opportunities for straight economic participation (Vanderbeck & Dunkley, 2006) Research form various social sciences subjects hints that there are different household variations which are associated with specific â€Å"regional patriarchies†. These basically concerns land inherences, economic activities, welfare outcomes and marital practices. (Vanderbeck & Dunkley, 2006) The most pronounced type of gender inequality in Asia is related with governments which are extremely patriarchy. These regimes also include those found in North Africa western Asia and East Asia. These countries have a clear different history and culture but they share similarities in terms of woman economic activity. Family structures and kinship in these countries are mostly patrilineal; marriages seem to be exogamous and also â€Å"patrilocal† where women marry out of their community. Household in these regions are organized alongside

People’s Opinions Essay Example for Free

People’s Opinions Essay In this life, each and every person has his or her own personal beliefs regardless of his loyalty or disloyalty, in certain cases. The difference in personal beliefs of people lies in the fact that some of them hold his or her opinion as the correct one regardless whether or not it is right or wrong. This flawed thinking has led others to force those with separate or different opinions to force upon others their own personal beliefs and convictions even though their own opinions may be wrong. There are those, however, who, despite the pressures exerted by others to change their opinion, cling on to their beliefs and opinions because they truly believe in their convictions. In my humble opinion, these are the people who become more successful than others. First of all, people who hold their opinions are more respected by people. There is no better way of convincing people about one’s strength in character and belief than by holding on to those beliefs firmly. These people always seem to know what they are talking about and are steadfast in their resolve. In doing so, these people are able to convince others to believe in their own beliefs; most especially those who are hesitant or undecided on their personal convictions. Moreover, having the strength of resolve is very helpful especially when it comes to sharing ideas and opinions. More often than not, those who argue about matters that they do not believe in, quickly waver in their arguments. Those who hang on to their beliefs always prevail in the end. The second reason is that people who stick by their opinions often have the self-confidence that is needed to get the better end of the bargain come negotiations. A perfect example of this would be the time when one of my friends, not too long ago, was discussing a certain subject matter that he was not totally convinced of but decided that he would be more convinced if he was able to gain some support for his topic. As fate would have it, he was having the discussion with me and I had a different opinion on the matter. Disregarding the fact on who was truly right, it did not take long before I was able to convince my friend that my friend was wrong. What this shows is that, in order to be successful in life, one must have a strong personality and must be convinced that his or her cause is the right cause. I could have easily given up on the matter but I was not about to let go of my convictions. In the end, I was able to convince my friend and ever since he has developed a stronger character. His character has become so strong and his insight so powerful that even older people enjoy having conversations with him even though he is more than half the age of most of them. Thirdly, people who hold onto their opinions are more likely to develop their skills and have a good knowledge by reading, talking, and sharing controversial topics to encourage himself/herself to develop their skills to get a strong opinion, while people who have been affected by other people to change their opinions easily are rarely excited to develop their skills and knowledge because they have to depend on to have good results. Though it may seem that having a strong character may prevent one from learning more, believing in something and dedicating one’s self to knowing the truth with respect to a matter of fact does indeed strengthen one’s character. There are basically two kinds of people; People who merely parrot what other people say and think and those who have the strength to believe when nobody else does. I believe that I belong to the latter. I know what I believe in and I am not shy about those convictions.

Identity Vs. Outside Forces Essay -- Literary Analysis

The existential drama, No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre, and the absurd drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead by Tom Stoppard both portray characters with an ambiguous sense of identity. While the characters in No Exit delude themselves with respect to identity and shirk responsibility for their identity-making choices, the characters in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead are primarily controlled by outside forces that confuse and limit their sense of identity. Both these authors do a fine job of portraying the relationship between identity and the outside forces The only character in either play that exhibits a true sense of identity is No Exit's Inez. by Comparing and contrasting the identites of the characters we can see how identity unfolds admist oustanding forces. The identity of a person is created by how one precieves themselves to other people. With respect to Garcin of No Exit, this is very evident. He claims: "I'm no talker, I don't move much; in fact I'm a very peacful sort of fellow"(Satre 9) even though speaks and voices his opinion often. Garcin becomes more comfortable when he begins to realize his identity, "I'm no gentleman, and I have no compunction about striking a woman". Thomas Whitaker believes "Garcin...finally sees that one who identitfies conciousness with any role or ideal must submit to the unpredictable validating judgement of others"(par. 4). Garcin's identity becomes clear as soon as he enters the room when talking to the valet: "I tell you, I regret nothing"(Satre 24). This is also evidence that Garcin thinks of himself as a hero. Garcin's deludes himself by convincing himself that he did do the right thing: "I shan't be sorry for myself, I'll face the situation, as I said just n... ...oing anything, or nothing at all. Works Cited Berlin, Normand. "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: Theatre of Critism." Modern Drama 16.3 & 4(Dec. 1973): 269-277. Rpt. in Contemorary Literary Critism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 63, Detroit: Gale Research, 1991. Literature Resource Center. Web. 1 Dec. 2010. Sartre, Jean-Paul. "No Exit." New York: Vintage Books, 1947. Stoppard, Tom. "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead." London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1967. "The Fools of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead." Free Essays 29 November 2010 Whitaker, Thomas R. "Playing Hell." The Yearbook of English Studies 9(1979): 167- 187. Rpt. in Contemorary Literary Critism. Ed. Daniel G. Marowski and Roger Matuz. Vol. 52. Detriot: Gale Research, 1989. Literature Resource Center. Web. 12 Dec. 2010.

Steel and Continuous Improvement

Continuous improvement as a business strategy Introduction The steel manufacturing company Corus focuses on meeting the needs of its worldwide customers and providing innovative solutions. It manufactures, processes and distributes steel and aluminium products worldwide. Corus is a subsidiary of Tata Steel, part of the giant Indian conglomerate. Tata Group includes businesses in many industries – for example, chemicals, automotive, telecommunications, leisure and consumer goods (such as Tetley Tea). Tata Steel acquired Corus in 2007 as part of a strategy of international expansion.Steel is everywhere in our homes and all around us. Corus Construction & Industrial (CCI), a business unit of Corus, has steel manufacturing facilities in Scunthorpe, Teesside, Scotland and France. The key markets for CCI include construction, energy and renewables, engineering and machinery, mining and earthmoving equipment, shipbuilding, fastenings and rail. The principle manufacturing site at Scun thorpe covers 2,000 acres and employs 5,500 people. The site consumes 6. 5 million tonnes of iron ore and 2 million tonnes of coal each year to produce 4. 3 million tonnes of steel products.CCI products go into a range of leading edge developments: Rail Steel Sections Main supplier to Network Rail, SNCF (French railways) and Metronet (London Underground) Wide ranging construction projects – e. g. warehousing, shopping centres, hospitals, tower blocks (Canary Wharf), bridge components, stadia, machinery (bulldozer track shoes, fork lift trucks) Everything from paperclips to bolts, to bed springs, bridge wire (for suspension bridges), tyre cord (to strengthen vehicles tyres) Ships, construction and mining machinery, wind towers, oil rigs, bridges, (e. g. the Humber Bridge), major construction projects, tanks and pressure vessels.Steel plate is also used in harnessing renewable energy such as in wind turbine towers. CURRICULUM TOPICS †¢ Continuous improvement †¢ Empowe rment †¢ Target setting †¢ Changing culture GLOSSARY Subsidiary: an organisation that is part of a larger company. Sections: H or I cross-section steel beams and columns in various lengths and thicknesses. Rods: long lengths of generally round (typically 5-15mm diameter) cross-section steel supplied in coils. Plates: large area flat steel. A typical ordered size is 10m long x 2. 5m wider. Thicknesses range from 6mm to 80mm. Plant: buildings or machines used in industry.Differentiate: to distinguish a business from its competitors. Steel Rods Steel Plates Modern steel production is a large scale operation dealing in huge quantities of materials and products. The process of steel plate production has several stages: †¢ receipt of pre-cut steel slabs from the steel plant †¢ reheating of slabs †¢ rolling to achieve required dimension and mechanical properties †¢ initial inspection for surface or quality defects †¢ cutting to order size †¢ marking with unique identities †¢ cold levelling to agreed flatness standard †¢ final inspection †¢ loading and despatch to customer.Producing large volumes helps to drive down the costs of running huge and expensive steel plant. Overall, this results in steel being a relatively inexpensive product, typically around 50 pence per kilogram, about the same as a kilogram of potatoes. In a major building project, such as a shopping complex, the cost of the steel can be as little as 5% of the overall cost of the project. Because of these issues, CCI needs to differentiate its business from its competitors in order to continue to grow. 57 CORUS www. thetimes100. co. ukGLOSSARY Greenfield site: land not yet built on or buildings on land that has not been used for building before. Continuous Improvement (CI): continuous incremental improvements in manufacturing and other processes. Inventory: a stockpile of goods. Lean production: an approach to production that looks to minimise waste and inefficiency. Scheduling: planning activities showing the times or dates when they are intended to happen. Takt time: the maximum time allowed to produce a product to meet demand. Taken from German ‘taktzeit’ – ‘clock cycle’.Culture: the typical pattern of doing things in an organisation. Facilitate: make possible or easier. Engagement: people being committed and involved with ideas or activities. CCI’s business strategy is to produce quality steel to satisfy customer requirements, focusing on delivering products at the right time in order to secure profitable business. A key challenge is to meet the increasing demands for more steel, at increasing levels of quality and to comply with more demanding delivery requirements. It would be straightforward to meet these challenges using brand-new facilities.However, a new ‘greenfield site’ steel mill could cost more than ? 300 million to build. CCI therefore needs to make process ef ficiencies and quality and delivery improvements with its existing manufacturing plant. This presents challenges when older facilities are not well structured to use modern manufacturing techniques and processes. This case study focuses on the process of Continuous Improvement (CI) at the CCI steel plate manufacturing mill at Scunthorpe. It will show how Corus is finding new ways of achieving its objectives from existing resources.Continuous Improvement Continuous Improvement is often referred to by the Japanese word ‘Kaizen’. Kaizen means ‘change for the better’ and covers all processes in an organisation. These include engineering, IT, financial, commercial and customer service processes, as well as manufacturing. CI involves making continual small improvements to a process rather than big changes at irregular intervals. This requires close monitoring and control, changes to the uses of manpower, machinery, methods, materials and money to improve business efficiency.Continuous Improvement starts with management and under their leadership works down through the organisation. The underlying theme is that everyone is responsible and has a part to play in making improvements. All employees must work together to identify the steps needed to improve working practices. Planning meetings help teams to focus on satisfying customer needs. Visual management techniques, such as flow charts and wall charts make clear what resources are necessary and who is responsible for each part in the process. Everyone has the opportunity to eliminate waste.This is any activity or process that does not add value. A key question to define waste is ‘would a customer pay for that process? ’ There are seven main areas of waste for any business: †¢ transportation – moving materials or products about †¢ inventory – keeping too much or the wrong stock †¢ motion – people moving or travelling excessively †¢ waitin g times – allowing products to wait for processing †¢ overproduction – making too much †¢ over processing – doing too many processes during manufacture †¢ defects – errors or flaws in the product causing rework or needing to be scrapped.Production processes that minimise waste are referred to as ‘lean production’. In these processes, the aim is to use less of everything, for example, space, materials or time. CCI in Scunthorpe is looking to reduce waste in its plate manufacturing process. It has adopted the concept of ‘flow’. This means that the products are ‘pulled’ through the process according to customer demand. All parts of the production process, from the supply of raw steel (slab) to the finished steel plate, are carefully planned.Scheduling for each element of the process ensures that bottlenecks are kept to a minimum. Each process is paced (known as ‘takt’ time) to control the amo unt of product in each stage of the process. This ensures that processes operate smoothly without overload or delay and keep the desired output and quality. Tonnage was the traditional key measure of productivity for CCI. For employees to work to a smooth paced process needed a significant culture change. Implementing a Continuous Improvement culture CI needs team work. In Scunthorpe, a CI manager coordinates the process. 0 CI Coaches chosen from the workforce received training to facilitate improvements. CCI has put together a ‘toolbox’ of techniques which the coaches use with managers, employees and operators. These help everyone understand where and how they can improve their work. A CI culture means that everyone can put forward ideas and have a say in how processes can change for the better. This is known as engagement. 58 An organisation needs to know where it is going in order to be able to put in place the resources it needs to achieve its plans.This is set out in a vision. Scunthorpe plate mill has set out a 5-year vision improvement plan which will help in the process of developing a CI culture for the business. Everyone in the organisation has to understand and actively support the plan. Workshops for all employees have taken place to explain the vision and why the change is necessary if CCI is to remain competitive. www. thetimes100. co. uk GLOSSARY Vision: a concise summary in words, setting out what an organisation is striving to achieve. Stock rotation: keeping goods moving in order.Feedstock: material supplied into the start of the process, eg steel slab prepared for subsequent rolling to steel plate. Empowered: authorised to take decisions. Helped by the CI Coaches, workers have drawn maps of their processes. These show the links between the stages of manufacturing as well what information flow is needed. The maps show: †¢ details of tonnages †¢ number of products †¢ rework cycles †¢ inspection points †¢ s tocks †¢ delays †¢ costs. The first part of this process is a ‘current state value stream map’. This shows what the systems and processes are like now.The next stage considers what the ‘future state map’ would look like. This highlights what CCI needs to do to achieve this state, for example, investing in new processes, equipment or additional staffing. Scunthorpe plate mill has 16 system maps. These link to each other to give an overview of the whole process. For each of the 16 systems, a number of rules about stock levels and stock rotation have been set up: †¢ Stock rotation ensures that the plates for one customer do not become buried beneath others and therefore delayed. The required amount of slab steel (‘feedstock’) must be in front of the mill by the Tuesday of the week in which the material is to be rolled. †¢ By rolling plates in the planned week, the mill is properly paced and all ‘downstream’ process es (such as cutting, levelling and inspection) can be scheduled accordingly. Using the value stream maps has helped CCI to improve process flows and the working environment. It has also reduced unnecessary motion, transport and processing.By taking these small steps and involving everyone in the vision, the delivery of product has increased from 70% of plates on time to 92% on time. Target setting CI working requires everyone to think differently about the way they work. It was recognised that people might be resistant and cling on to old ways of working. The key was getting all workers to see change as their responsibility. The CI coaches support the teams and individuals and promote or ‘champion’ new ways of working. Over time, the team and individuals are empowered to take responsibility and make decisions for themselves.To help workers accept the changes, the 5-year plan established a timeline for the programme of introducing change. Year Nature of attitudes to chan ge within the organisation Expertise and responsibility for CI 2007 Resistant (workers resist change) 2008 Adaptive (workers begin to adjust to new ideas) Champions and change managers 2009 Accepting (workers start to apply new methods) Manufacturing and process managers 2010 Embracing (workers recognise the benefits of change) Team leaders 2011 Performing (new ideas are fully adopted by the workers) The team CORUS CI coaches 59An important part of the Continuous Improvement programme was the creation of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Previously, measures at Corus were largely based on tonnes of steel rolled. This did not show whether it met customers’ needs or whether the steel needed rework because it didn’t meet customer requirements. www. thetimes100. co. uk Corus has set new KPIs which focus on meeting customer deadlines, such as: †¢ a zero backlog of customer orders – this means customers always get their deliveries on time †¢ meeting targets for rolling steel plate in its allotted week.Corus monitors and measures how its operations compare with other producers and competitors in the steel industry. This process of benchmarking means that Corus is continually reviewing its activities to achieve best practice. Corus shares relevant information both within and across Corus to drive improvement. It also spreads appropriate technical knowledge and information across the steel industry through international groups such as the International Iron and Steel Institute.GLOSSARY Key performance indicators: criteria against which the success of an individual or organisation is measured. Benchmarking: using an index, standard or point of reference to measure or judge a quality or value. Best practice: the development of performance standards based upon the most efficient practices within an organisation. Lead time: the time taken from receipt of order details from the customer to receipt of the ordered goods at the customer. The ben efits of Continuous ImprovementThere are significant costs involved in setting up a Continuous Improvement programme, including: †¢ allocating employee time to participate in group work †¢ training coaches †¢ setting up a manual of tools and techniques. However, Corus is already seeing the benefits of CI with: †¢ reduced waste through lean production †¢ improved product quality †¢ reduced rework time †¢ faster response times, giving more customers their orders on time †¢ becoming more competitive by driving down costs †¢ retaining/gaining customers through innovative products and services.KPIs show that the Scunthorpe mill is achieving its targets for rolling steel in planned weeks and is delivering almost 100% of customers’ orders complete and on time. Scunthorpe Plate Mill aims to have all orders complete and on time by March 2009, while at the same time reducing lead time. The principles of team working help to create a more fle xible workforce. This gives Corus the capacity to increase or change production when necessary. In addition, Corus employees are more likely to be satisfied and motivated when they feel that they are making a contribution.They can see their expertise helps to create a more effective company. By empowering its workers, Corus gains a more committed workforce which helps to drive further improvement. The Times Newspaper Limited and  ©MBA Publishing Ltd 2008. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of information, neither the publisher nor the client can be held responsible for errors of omission or commission. Conclusion Corus is transforming production at its Scunthorpe plate mill through Continuous Improvement.This way of working encourages all employees to behave as team members to identify and support work improvement opportunities. Increasingly employees at every level are making improvement their responsibility, which provides employee job satisfaction. Continuous Improvement helps Corus to provide quality products and services for customers with on time delivery. CI supports Corus’ aim to achieve satisfied customers and secure repeat sales and longer term orders. It is part of a long term strategy based on service to develop the business.It aims to improve operational demands to fulfil customer expectations and out-perform competitors. Questions 1. What is Continuous Improvement? Who would be involved in this process and what would they be doing to enable improvements? 2. Describe the type of culture Corus is developing. How will the vision plan help to develop this culture? 3. Analyse how achieving its KPIs will help Corus to give its customers satisfaction. 4. Evaluate the key benefits of CI in helping Corus to become a more innovative and customer focused organisation. www. corusgroup. com 60

Law and Ethics, Patients Rights in Practice Essay

In particular, those aspects observed by the student relating to patients privacy, confidentiality and any situations which warranted a limitation to patient privacy will be described and discussed with reference to patients rights. Situations in the hospital setting where the student nurse viewed health professionals informing patients about treatment options, encouraging patients to take action in decisions about their health, and gaining informed, voluntary consent prior to procedures will be discussed. An explanation of reasons for selecting privacy and consent as two essential concepts which health providers must understand will be illustrated. The legal and ethical responsibility of health care providers in relation to the aforementioned fundamental principles of achieving patient privacy and gaining informed voluntary consent will be examined with a clear emphasis on patient’ rights. While on clinical placement, the student nurse observed health professionals maintaining patient privacy to a high standard by consistently shutting curtains around patient’s beds, lowering their voices when working with patients in rooms containing multiple beds, courteously requesting visitors to leave the room when procedures of a sensitive nature were preformed and closing patient’s doors to limit unwanted interference from hallways. In order to show patients respect, dignity and consideration, which are outlined as a fundamental patient right in the Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter (2002), patients were consistently examined in areas that were as private as was possible at the time. This attempt by health care providers to maintain the physical privacy of all patients by consistently minimizing unwarranted outside attention is a clear demonstration of how health care providers maintained patient dignity, consideration and respect. According to the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. , patients have a right to be treated with courtesy throughout their hospital experience. The actions of the health care team correlate positively to this statement as through the maintenance of patient’s physical privacy, health care providers are demonstrating consideration for their patients and respecting their rights set forth in both the Queensland Health public patient charte r and the Ramsay health care charter. Throughout the clinical placement of the student nurse, the health care facility in question demonstrated exceptional adherence to national privacy principles 4. set forth in the Privacy Amendment Act (2000). Initiatives currently in place at Cairns Private Hospital ensure confidentiality of both patient’s medical records as well as patient’s personal details by limiting outside access to confidential information and preventing health care professionals from transmitting such information to the broader community. One such example observed by the student nurse involves the hospitals policy preventing nurses from leaving the hospital with materials used in nursing handovers that contain information regarding patient’s condition and personal details. The destruction of such material prevents the transmission of private information to the wider community and demonstrates the role of health care providers in maintaining patient privacy. According to the national privacy principle 4. 1 extracted from the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act (2000, p. 9), â€Å"An organisation must take reasonable steps to protect the personal information it holds from misuse and loss and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. Therefore, by ensuring patients information is protected from unauthorised access and disclosure, Cairns Private Hospital is fulfilling the legal obligations set forth for private organizations in the Privacy Amendment Act (2000) principle 4. 1. Patient’s right to have their personal information kept private and confidential, as outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter (2002), was also exceptionally demonstrated by those nurses with whom the student nurse was in contact during c linical placement. Health care providers consistently maintained patient confidentiality by limiting discussion of patient’s condition to those situations where health care providers must share patient information to improve patient care. When the student nurse observed an exchange of information between health care providers pertaining to patient’s condition, it occurred in a manner such that other patients or visitors were unable to discern the content of discussion. This includes, but is not limited to, patient information related in nursing handovers. By treating patient’s personal information obtained in a professional capacity as confidential, nurses are adhering to the expected national standards for Australian nurses as stated in ANC Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable. Patients belief that health care professionals will handle their personal information with respect, dignity and maintain their confidentiality not only illustrates the ethical and legal responsibilities of health care providers, but correlates positively with the formation of trust between patient and nurse. According to Stein-Parbury (2005 p. 42), â€Å"†¦ without trust, there is minimal self-disclosure and little chance that patients will share their experiences with nurses or that nurses will come to understand patients’ experiences. † Therefore, through the maintenance of patient privacy and confidentiality, the element of trust, which forms the basis of all nurse-patient relationships, is strengthened. Crisp and Taylor (2005), illustrated the importance of patient privacy and confidentiality as without these two essential components patients would not feel able to tell health care professionals their most intimate and private details. This potential hesitation to share personal information with health providers can have a negative impact on the provision of care and can ultimately lead to treatment that does not take into consideration essential aspects of patient’s health. The maintenance of patient’s privacy is essential in both building trust between nurse and patient and providing holistic nursing care. As stated previously, the maintenance of patient privacy has implications in both legal and ethical spheres and is paramount to the formation of the nurse-patient relationship. Student nurses must therefore gain an understanding of the importance of maintaining patient privacy to ensure that once qualified as a registered nurse, one will understand the reasons why legally and ethically we must adhere to the guidelines. In today’s health care setting, the emphasis of patient’s rights and understanding these rights is paramount if one wishes to practice safe appropriate care for all peoples. It is for these reasons that the central issue of patient privacy was selected for consideration. Although the importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable, there are ertain situations that warrant the sharing of patient information. As observed by the student nurse, health care professionals continuously share patient information between themselves in attempts to allow allied health professionals to provide appropriate holistic patient care. In today’s hospitals, with shift work and the increasing specialization of various allied healt h workers, it is essential that patient information is shared to improve patients care and outcome. In order to achieve appropriate care for patient’s, this is a requirement and will not be considered as a breach of patient privacy. This team work approach to health care is viewed as of benefit to the patient and is absolutely essential is today’s health care facilities where health care professionals are increasingly working in more specialized fields. Throughout the entire clinical placement, the student nurse consistently observed health providers informing patients of their various treatment options, encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, and ultimately gaining informed voluntary consent prior to any procedure. As outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002), and the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to easy to understand information about their condition, treatment options, risks, and expected outcomes. The health providers viewed by the student nurse exemplified exceptional adherence to the patients right to accurate information as nurses were observed directly informing patients wherever possible about their treatment options, risks, and choices available to them. Health care providers not only adhered to their legal obligation of providing treatment information to patients, but did so in a way that reflected nurses ability to use due care in support of their ethical responsibilities. According to the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to ask questions and seek clarification in regards to matters that concern them. The actions of the health care team exemplified good practice with reference to this patient right. Health care providers were willing at all times to respond to patients questions or concerns and faced each situation with enthusiasm and clear respect for patients right to ask questions and seek clarification. Patients right to take part in decisions about their health care as stated in the Queensland Public Health Charter ( 2002), was viewed by the student nurse to occur in conjunction with the aforementioned patient right to information about treatment. By providing patients with easy to understand information about their condition, it allowed patients to make informed choices regarding their treatment and overall health. Health professionals were observed to provide patients with the information they require such that patients could make their own decisions regarding their treatment options. By thoroughly providing patients with necessary information as well as encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, health providers were empowering patients and fostering patient’s autonomy. Autonomy, the freedom to decide and act (Stein-Parbury, 2005), can be enhanced when a patient is given information about their condition and encouraged to take an active role in making decisions about their health. Informing patients of various treatment options and encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health are fundamental components of informed voluntary consent. Informed voluntary consent may be implied, written or verbally given. The student nurse observed various nurses obtaining implied consent from patients when performing routine procedures such as taking a blood pressure reading. The student also viewed health providers obtaining verbal consent from patients when preforming procedures such as showering and mobilizing patients. The health providers adhered to the legal requirements which state that consent must be voluntarily given and informed (Forrester & Griffiths, 2005). The actions of the health care team correlate positively to the statements set forth in both the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002) and the ANMC Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The charter asserts that patients have the right to give their permission before they are treated. Whether consent was implied or verbal, the student nurse observed patients giving their permission prior to any procedure. According to Value Statement 2 in the Code of Nursing Ethics (nd. ), nurses must accept the rights of individuals to make informed choices in relation to their care. By ensuring that patients right to make informed choices in relation to their care and obtaining informed voluntary consent, health providers are meeting their legal and ethical obligations surrounding patients consent. It is essential that student nurses have an understanding of their moral and legal requirements surrounding patients consent. If a health provider performs a procedure without acquiring consent, there is a possibility that their actions legally may amount to assault or battery. According to Forrester and Griffiths (2005), battery involves the unlawful touching of a person without his or her consent. In charges of battery, there is no requirement that the patient sustains any injuries as a result of health professionals unlawful touching. Health providers must therefore have an understanding of the legal ramifications surrounding consent to ensure that they provide safe nursing care based on respecting patient’s legal rights. It is for this reason that the issue of patient’s consent was included for discussion in this paper. It is becoming increasingly important for health professionals to have an understanding of their legal and ethical responsibility for the maintenance of patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent prior to preforming any procedure with patients. With the emphasis on patiens rights becoming more prevalent in the health care setting, it is essential that health care workers respect patient’s rights which include, but are not limited to, maintaining patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent. The health providers present at the health care facility attended by the student nurse were observed to demonstrate good practice with respect to patients’ rights as set forth in the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002).